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Above Ground: China's Young Feminist Activists and Forty Moments of Transformation (English)

In March 2015, the arrest and detention of five activists in China brought international attention to the feminist movement in that country, which had already been battling gender discrimination, sexual harassment, violence against women, and homophobia for many years. While the West has only recently turned its attention to the “Feminist Five” and their fellow activists, China has a long and deep history of feminist thought and action. This exhibit seeks to make visible the work of recent feminist activists in China, to share their work with a broader audience, and to spark interest in the history and present of feminist activists, advocates, and scholars in China. This digital exhibit is a faithful representation of a physical exhibit of the same name, which was hosted by the University of Michigan’s Institute for Research on Women and Gender from January through June 2016. The exhibit (English) consists of 40 images depicting street actions and online campaigns initiated by young feminist activists, raising awareness and demanding government actions around issues of domestic violence, sexual harassment, education and employment equality, rights of sexual minorities and marginalized groups , and so on. At the opening of the physical exhibit on January 26, 2016, Lü Pin, the curator of the exhibit and a long time feminist activist and researcher, remarked on the creative and subversive strategies of the young feminist activists: “That’s why this was a story about visibility from the very beginning. First of all, they wanted people to have to notice this issue. Second, they wanted people to have to notice this group of people. ‘Noticing the issue’ was not just about making the issue of women’s rights become well-known, more importantly, it meant that the issue had to be accepted as a public issue that society would acknowledge as something that was very important. This was not something for women, or something private. Next, as we all considered this to be an important matter, the government had to respond. Thus, in this process, communication or media was very crucial, because it could amplify the power of the unknown.” Using materials from the physical exhibit, this digital exhibit was created by librarians from University of Michigan Liangyu Fu (Chinese Studies) and Meredith Kahn (Women’s Studies), who created additional descriptive information for the images, as well as a bibliography of relevant sources. Go to Exhibit: https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/aboveground.

Book

Free Zhang Zhan

Zhang Zhan, born in 1983, is a Chinese lawyer and a dissident of the Communist Party system. In early February 2020, she rushed from Shanghai to Wuhan, which was under lockdown due to the COVID-19 epidemic, to conduct on-the-spot interviews and released a series of video reports on Wuhan's lockdown. More than three months later, she was arrested by Chinese police for "picking quarrels and provoking trouble" and taken to Shanghai for detention. In December 2020, she was sentenced to four years in prison for picking quarrels and provoking trouble. Zhang Zhan went on hunger strike in the detention center and prison, and there were reports that he was critically ill several times. Her courage and resistance attracted the attention of the international community. The book *Free Zhang Zhan* was edited and created by Wang Jianhong, the head of the "Zhang Zhan Concern Group" on the Internet. It brings together Zhang Zhan's articles and self-media posts published on the Internet, as well as interviews of Zhang Zhan before she lost her freedom, and interviews, as well as poems and articles from outsiders supporting Zhang Zhan. The book reviews the course of Zhang Zhan's case, Zhang Zhan's struggle in prison and the repercussions it aroused at home and abroad. It was published on May 13, 2024 when Zhang Zhan was released from prison after serving her sentence. This book preserves and records the history of Wuhan's lockdown in China due to the COVID-19 epidemic. Nowadays, Zhang Zhan's articles and words of support for her have been censored and blocked in China, which makes the book even more precious.

Article

Huang Sha, 2019 National Survey on the Treatment of Detainees in Custodial Facilities

This report focuses on the human rights situation in detention centers in China. Mr. Huang Sha distributed the questionnaire to the practicing lawyers he knew, and then the practicing lawyers took the questionnaire and filled it out in the form of questions and answers when they met detainees in the detention centers. The questionnaires were then collected and counted, resulting in a research report. The span of time for filling out the questionnaire in the detention center is: from July 2, 2019 to November 19, 2019. There were 101 valid questionnaires recovered.

Book

My Mother ：Gao Yaojie

Author Eva writes about her relationship with Gao Yaojie, a Chinese doctor. Dr. Gao Yaojie, who was severely repressed by the Chinese government for exposing the mass infection of Chinese farmers in Henan Province, China, by selling their blood, had no choice but to leave China at the age of 78 and go into exile in the United States. The dissemination of her story is strictly forbidden in China. In this book, author Eva describes Gao Yaojie's noble heart, her story, and her experiences.

Film and Video

New Citizens’ Trial

In June 2010, scholars and activists Xu Zhiyong, Teng Biao, Wang Gongquan, Li Xiongbing, Li Fangping, Xu Youyu and Zhang Shihe (Tiger Temple) initiated the signing of the “Citizen's Pledge”, which called on Chinese citizens to “abide by principles of democracy, and the rule of law, safeguard the rights and livelihood of the people, and promote good governance”. On May 29, 2012, Dr. Xu Zhiyong, one of the founders of the pro-democracy movement “Open Constitution Initiative” (Gongmeng), published an article entitled “China's New Citizen Movement”, officially launching the <a href=“https://web.archive.org/web/20121226221847/http://biweekly.hrichina.org/article/1575”>“New Citizen Movement”</a>. The goal of the New Citizens Movement is a free China governed by democracy and rule of law, a vibrant civil society, and a new national spirit of “freedom, justice, and love”. It aims to promote political and social transformation from authoritarianism to constitutionalism, and Chinese people will be treated as citizens, not subjects of the ruling class. Activities of the New Citizen Movement include advocating for equal rights in education, public disclosure of officials' properties, and organizing local citizen gatherings. (For more information on the New Citizens Movement, see the <a href=“https://cmcn.org/”>Chinese Citizens Movement </a>website. Organizers and participants in the New Citizens Movement have been subjected to repression and persecution. On July 5, 2012, several hundred parents gathered at the Ministry of Education's Petitioning Office, displaying banners and chanting slogans demanding that the government protect migrant children’s right to education, before being stopped by police, who also beat them. As a result of this and other advocacy activities, New Citizens Movement organizers Xu Zhiyong, Zhao Changqing, and Ding Jiaxi were arrested in 2013 and charged with gathering a crowd to disrupt order in a public place, and their cases were heard for the first time at different levels of court in Beijing on January 22, 2014, on the eve of the Chinese New Year. All were sentenced to jail. This documentary includes footage of the parents' protest in July 2012, and outside the courthouse at Xu Zhiyong's trial on January 22, 2014, as well as interviews with family members of the arrested activists, their lawyers, and academics, and supporters of the movement.On the day of his trial, hundreds of people showed up outside the courthouse in support, invoking Article 35 of the Constitution to point out that the case was an unfair trial that violated citizens' freedom of speech and expression. In the film, Xu Zhiyong says in an interview that the New Citizens Movement wants to solve social issues through judicial processes, and that he believes it is important to take into account the perspectives of different stakeholders. Even with such a moderate stance, the authorities still harshly suppressed him and portrayed him as an enemy of the state. Scholar Guo Yuhua commented on the case : “If we wait for a ready-made civil society, there is none. Activism is to open up space where there is none, to create gaps where there are no gaps, and to expand it gradually.”

Film and Video

Three Days in Wukan

Wukan is a village in Luwei City, under the jurisdiction of Shanwei City, Guangdong Province. From 2011 to 2016, Wukan villagers have continued to fight to protect their land and fight for villagers' rights. Facing strong pressure from the government, some even paid with their lives. In the process, the villagers had elected their own villagers' committee by one person, one vote to practice their democratic rights. Although the protests were eventually suppressed, the impact was far-reaching. Ai Xiaoming rushed to the scene at the beginning of the Wukan incident and left this precious record.

Book

Major Feminist Events in China 2020-2023

This is a record and index of major feminist events in China between 2020 and 2023. The document consists of more than 2,000 pages, in which 122 topics/events related to feminism have been curated. The document is divided into five chapters: “Feminism in the Public Eye ”, “Feminism in Individual Cases”, “Feminism in the Law”, “Feminist Activism,” and “Three Special Years - Feminism amid COVID-19”. Each event entry is divided into two parts: event summary and related articles The first part aims to provide a complete and objective overview of the event, using first-hand materials when possible; the second part collects media reports and commentaries on the event published through public media outlets and social media platforms. This document covers a wide range of topics/events, including but not limited to commercial surrogacy, gender discrimination in higher education, China’s population policy and the reproductive rights of women, misogynistic culture in the media, the progress and challenges of the #Metoo movement, legal analysis of law and policies concerning feminist issues, and feminist activism. The editorial group introduced their intention as follows in the document’s introduction: “This document, though imperfect, is an attempt to contribute to the writing of the history of Chinese feminism - history is the road we are walking at the moment, and we've come a long way, still searching for answers hidden in the thick fog. ” “We hope that this document will not only serve as a tool, but also provide the reader with wisdom and strength.”

图书

#MeToo in China Archives 2018.1-2019.7

On New Year's Day 2018, Beihang University graduate Luo Xixi took the lead in breaking China's silence on the issue of sexual harassment when she publicly reported on social media that Beihang professor Chen Xiaowu had sexually harassed her. This was the first major event in China’s #Metoo movement, which has since spread from colleges and universities to other fields. #Metoo provoked an unprecedented discussion in China, and the issues of feminism and sexual harassment attracted a rare and widespread attention, with a variety of complaints, comments, studies, and advocacy articles springing up all over the internet. #MeToo in China Archives 2018.1-2019.7 is a compilation of sexual harassment-related articles written between January 2018 and July 2019. This archive is massive, totaling more than 2,500 pages, and is divided into three main volumes: “#Metoo in Higher Education”, “#Metoo in other fields”, and “#Metoo discussions’. Volume I and Volume II consist of individual #Metoo cases, arranged in chronological order. Articles in volume 3 can be broadly categorized into general reviews, investigative reports, personal stories, advocacy and activism, tools and resources,etc. During the #Metoo movement, many liberal public intellectuals questioned the movement, likening it to big-character posters during the Hundred Flowers campaign, and arguing that it might lead to the proliferation of wrongful convictions. It triggered heated debates, and this archive also contains a number of related articles. The process of compiling this archive itself became an act of resistance, given the severe repression on freedom of expression and social movements. The editorial team faced tremendous challenges in collecting articles that had been deleted or published as images to bypass online censorship. It spent a great deal of time and personnel piecing together scraps of information and transcribing words in images. Reading traumatic personal stories - including those about the hardships in seeking remedies - caused psychological trauma for the editors themselves. Nevertheless, #Metoo has also a process of collective healing, in which women with shared experiences saw each other, realized the structural problems behind sexual violence, and gained the strength to move on and push for change. Finally, during the compilation process, the editorial team also benefited from archiving efforts made by other websites and individuals, demonstrating that the rescue and preservation of people’s history is a collective and collaborative task. This archive is published on https://chinesefeminism.org/.

Article

A Brief History of Young Feminists Activism in China

Since 2012, a group known as the “Young Feminist Activists”, has emerged in China. They often use performance art in public to promote gender equality issues; they question injustice, and engage in policy advocacy to advance women’s rights. They make use of social media and the internet to provoke public debate, build public support, and mount pressure for social and self-transformation in China. Their direct actions created new space for activism in China's tightening political environment. This article provides a detailed overview of the actions initiated by the young feminist activists between 2012 and 2019. These actions cover a wide range of gender issues, including but not limited to sexual assault/harassment, gender-based violence, gender equality in employment and schooling, gender stigma and stereotyping, marriage autonomy, and lesbian rights and interests. These actions have not only raised the public's awareness of gender equality, but also promoted the introduction of gender equality legislation and policies. A turning point came In 2015 when five young feminist activists were arrested and detained for 37 days for planning to hold an anti-sexual harassment campaign on March 8, Interantional Women's Day. Since then, young feminist activists have almost completely lost their space on the streets. However, as can be seen from this article, feminist activism did not disappear, but sustained and continued in a variety of ways, including the creative use of social media and leveraging transnational solidarity and action. In the article, the author says, “Young feminist activists should not be forgotten by the public, especially in an environment where censorship has intensified in the past years, civil society has nearly collapsed, and it is extremely difficult for people to speak out. While there is a seeming increase in discussion of feminism in domestic social media, it has been severely depoliticized, feminist activists are marginalized and stigmatized, and their voices silenced. Therefore, it is particularly important to tell the stories of young feminist activists and popularize knowledge about the domestic feminist movement. It is important to let more people see the spirit and achievements of the new generation of Chinese feminists, and understand the important gender issues they have promoted.” The article is accompanied by numerous images, videos and links to other resources for further reading.

Film and Video

Ten Years

Ten Years is a 2015 Hong Kong film composed of five short-film segments directed by Kwok Zune ("Extras"), Wong Fei-Pang ("Season of the End"), Jevons Au ("Dialect"), Kiwi Chow ("Self-Immolator"), and Ng Ka-Leung ("Local Egg"), starring Liu Kai-chi, Leung Kin-Ping, Catherine Chau, Neo Yau, and Ng Siu Hin. Ten Years has been hailed as Hong Kong's prophecy because of the film's depiction of the decline of human rights, democracy, and freedom of speech in Hong Kong. The Chinese government has censored the film, ordering major online platforms in Mainland China to prohibit live broadcasting and rebroadcasting of the Golden Horse Awards and the Hong Kong Film Awards ceremonies in 2016. Ten Years won Best Film at the 35th Hong Kong Film Awards.

Periodicals

NEWS STAND

NEWS STAND is a special issue of Hong Kong’s Stand News. Featuring selections of reporting and photography on Hong Kong's 2019 social movement, NEWS STAND presents readers with a first-hand account of Hong Kong’s history. Established on December 30, 2014, Stand News ceased operations on December 29, 2021, after Hong Kong’s National Security Police raided the publication’s headquarters. The Hong Kong Police charged Stand News, along with its top editors and board members, with “conspiracy to publish seditious publications” under sections 9 and 10 of the Crimes Ordinance for publishing a number of seditious articles. The preface of NEWS STAND was also used by the prosecution as evidence in court. On December 30, 2021, former Editor-in-Chief Chung Pui-kuen and former Acting Editor-in-Chief Patrick Lam Shiu-tung were refused bail and remanded in custody. The trial against Stand News began in October 2022 and lasted 57 days, with the verdict adjourned three times, resulting in a judgment on August 29, 2024, a span of 33 months from indictment to verdict. Judge Kwok Wai-kin found Chung, Lam, and Stand News’ parent company guilty of criminal intent, finding that the political philosophy of Stand News was nativist and that it was “intended to incite hatred of the Chinese central government or the Hong Kong government and hatred of the judiciary.” Of the 17 articles presented by the prosecution, 11 were found by the judge to have inciting intent; Chung and Lam were respectively sentenced to 21 months and 11 months in prison.

Book

The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village (Cantonese and English Versions)

The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village is a children’s book in the Sheep Village series. This book describes the incident in 2020 where twelve Hong Kong youths fled the city by boat but were intercepted by Chinese authorities and found guilty in Mainland Chinese courts. The Sheep Village Series Children’s Picture Books The Sheep Village series is a group of six children's books published by the General Union of Hong Kong Speech Therapists. The six books are titled The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village, Voting Day in Sheep Village, Sheep Village Daily, and The Architects of Sheep Village. The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, and The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village were published in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2021, while the other three were not formally published and were mainly distributed on the Internet. On July 22, 2021, the national security unit of the Hong Kong Police arrested five board members of the Hong Kong General Union of Speech Therapists, including its president Lai Man Ling and its external vice president Yeung Yat Yee Melody, as well as the union's three other board members, Ng Hau Yi Sydney, Chan Yuen Sum Samuel, and Fong Tsz Ho, on the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications. The five defendants were denied bail and remanded in custody for nearly a year before trial. On September 10, 2022, Judge Kwok Wai-kin sentenced the five defendants to 19 months in prison. The Sheep Village case was the first case involving the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications since Hong Kong’s handover in 1997.

图书

The Guardians of Sheep Village (Cantonese and English Versions)

The Guardians of Sheep Village is a children’s book in the Sheep Village series. This book outlines Hong Kong’s 2019 social movement and the relationship between Hong Kong and Mainland China by describing Hong Kong as a sheep village and Mainland China as a wolf village. The Sheep Village Series Children’s Picture Books The Sheep Village series is a group of six children's books published by the General Union of Hong Kong Speech Therapists. The six books are titled The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village, Voting Day in Sheep Village, Sheep Village Daily, and The Architects of Sheep Village. The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, and The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village were published in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2021, while the other three were not formally published and were mainly distributed on the Internet. On July 22, 2021, the national security unit of the Hong Kong Police arrested five board members of the Hong Kong General Union of Speech Therapists, including its president Lai Man Ling and its external vice president Yeung Yat Yee Melody, as well as the union's three other board members, Ng Hau Yi Sydney, Chan Yuen Sum Samuel, and Fong Tsz Ho, on the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications. The five defendants were denied bail and remanded in custody for nearly a year before trial. On September 10, 2022, Judge Kwok Wai-kin sentenced the five defendants to 19 months in prison. The Sheep Village case was the first case involving the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications since Hong Kong’s handover in 1997.

图书

The Architects of Sheep Village (Cantonese and English Versions)

The Architects of Sheep Village is a children’s book in the Sheep Village series. This book describes the building of civil society in Hong Kong and the authorities’ crackdown on Hong Kong’s civil society after the 2019 social movement. The Sheep Village Series Children’s Picture Books The Sheep Village series is a group of six children's books published by the General Union of Hong Kong Speech Therapists. The six books are titled The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village, Voting Day in Sheep Village, Sheep Village Daily, and The Architects of Sheep Village. The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, and The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village were published in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2021, while the other three were not formally published and were mainly distributed on the Internet. On July 22, 2021, the national security unit of the Hong Kong Police arrested five board members of the Hong Kong General Union of Speech Therapists, including its president Lai Man Ling and its external vice president Yeung Yat Yee Melody, as well as the union's three other board members, Ng Hau Yi Sydney, Chan Yuen Sum Samuel, and Fong Tsz Ho, on the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications. The five defendants were denied bail and remanded in custody for nearly a year before trial. On September 10, 2022, Judge Kwok Wai-kin sentenced the five defendants to 19 months in prison. The Sheep Village case was the first case involving the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications since Hong Kong’s handover in 1997.

图书

Voting Day in Sheep Village (Cantonese and English Versions)

Voting Day in Sheep Village is a children’s book in the Sheep Village series. This book outlines Hong Kong’s pro-democracy primaries in 2020 and the subsequent jailing of the primaries’ organizers. The Sheep Village Series Children’s Picture Books The Sheep Village series is a group of six children's books published by the General Union of Hong Kong Speech Therapists. The six books are titled The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village, Voting Day in Sheep Village, Sheep Village Daily, and The Architects of Sheep Village. The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, and The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village were published in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2021, while the other three were not formally published and were mainly distributed on the Internet. On July 22, 2021, the national security unit of the Hong Kong Police arrested five board members of the Hong Kong General Union of Speech Therapists, including its president Lai Man Ling and its external vice president Yeung Yat Yee Melody, as well as the union's three other board members, Ng Hau Yi Sydney, Chan Yuen Sum Samuel, and Fong Tsz Ho, on the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications. The five defendants were denied bail and remanded in custody for nearly a year before trial. On September 10, 2022, Judge Kwok Wai-kin sentenced the five defendants to 19 months in prison. The Sheep Village case was the first case involving the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications since Hong Kong’s handover in 1997.

图书

Sheep Village Daily (Cantonese and English Versions)

Sheep Village Daily is a children’s book in the Sheep Village series. This book describes the loss of press freedom in Hong Kong and the forced shutdown of Hong Kong’s Apple Daily. The Sheep Village Series Children’s Picture Books The Sheep Village series is a group of six children's books published by the General Union of Hong Kong Speech Therapists. The six books are titled The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village, Voting Day in Sheep Village, Sheep Village Daily, and The Architects of Sheep Village. The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, and The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village were published in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2021, while the other three were not formally published and were mainly distributed on the Internet. On July 22, 2021, the national security unit of the Hong Kong Police arrested five board members of the Hong Kong General Union of Speech Therapists, including its president Lai Man Ling and its external vice president Yeung Yat Yee Melody, as well as the union's three other board members, Ng Hau Yi Sydney, Chan Yuen Sum Samuel, and Fong Tsz Ho, on the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications. The five defendants were denied bail and remanded in custody for nearly a year before trial. On September 10, 2022, Judge Kwok Wai-kin sentenced the five defendants to 19 months in prison. The Sheep Village case was the first case involving the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications since Hong Kong’s handover in 1997.

Book

The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village (Cantonese and English Versions)

The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village is a children’s book in the Sheep Village series. This book outlines the tension between Hong Kong’s healthcare workers and the Hong Kong government at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020. The Sheep Village Series Children’s Picture Books The Sheep Village series is a group of six children's books published by the General Union of Hong Kong Speech Therapists. The six books are titled The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village, Voting Day in Sheep Village, Sheep Village Daily, and The Architects of Sheep Village. The Guardians of Sheep Village, The Twelve Warriors of Sheep Village, and The Street Cleaners of Sheep Village were published in Hong Kong between 2020 and 2021, while the other three were not formally published and were mainly distributed on the Internet. On July 22, 2021, the national security unit of the Hong Kong Police arrested five board members of the Hong Kong General Union of Speech Therapists, including its president Lai Man Ling and its external vice president Yeung Yat Yee Melody, as well as the union's three other board members, Ng Hau Yi Sydney, Chan Yuen Sum Samuel, and Fong Tsz Ho, on the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications. The five defendants were denied bail and remanded in custody for nearly a year before trial. On September 10, 2022, Judge Kwok Wai-kin sentenced the five defendants to 19 months in prison. The Sheep Village case was the first case involving the charge of conspiracy to print, publish, distribute, display and/or reproduce seditious publications since Hong Kong’s handover in 1997.